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Copy 1 


CONSERVATIVE SURGERY; 


WITH A LIST OF TIIE 


MEDICAL AND SURGICAL FORCE OF NEW YORK 

IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, 

1861 - 3 . 


TO WHICH IS ADDED A BRIEF NOTICE OF THE HOSPITALS AT FORTRESS 
MONROE AND WHITE HOUSE, VIRGINIA. 
























CONSERVATIVE SURGERY, 


WITH A LIST OF THE 


MEDICAL AND SURGICAL FORCE OF NEW YORE 

IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, 


1861 - 2 . 


TO WHICH IS ADDED A BRIEF NOTICE OF THE HOSPITALS AT 
FORTRESS MONROE AND WHITE HOUSE, VIRGINIA. 


K at/' 


By SYLVESTER D. WILLARD, M. D., of Albany, 

Secretary of the Medical Society of the State of New York, 
Honorary Member of the Connecticut Medical Society, &c. 


ALBANY: 

CHARLES VAN BENTHUYSEN, PRINTER. 

1862 . 





REPRINT FROM TRANSACTIONS OF MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE STATE 
OF NEW YORK, 1862. READ BEFORE THE ALBANY INSTITUTE, 
APRIL 29, 1862. 






CONSERVATIVE SURGERY: 


J 

s, 



LIST OF THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL FORCE OF NEW YORK, 
IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, 1861, ’62. BRIEF NOTICE 
OF THE HOSPITALS AT FORTRESS MONROE AND WHITE- 
HOUSE, VIRGINIA, ETC. 

As the wealth of a State consists in the number of its popula¬ 
tion, so the strength of an army depends not only upon its num¬ 
bers, but in their ability to put in exercise the munitions of war¬ 
fare. And this ability depends not only upon the skill of com¬ 
manding officers to direct the movement of troops, but in the 
physical strength of troops to endure wearisome marches and 
fierce engagements in battle. The first and most important 
qualification of soldiers then, is health ; and to exercise a sur¬ 
veillance over them and to keep them in health, is the duty of 
the surgeon. In the formation of an army the surgeon is as im¬ 
portant and indispensable as the general. 

Nor do we any longer associate with the army surgeon the 
idea of a man who sees before him hundreds of wounded soldiers, 
with no other feeling than the variety and opportunity they 
afford him for an almost indiscriminate use of the catling or scal¬ 
pel, and who only sees in mutilated limbs and broken bones what 
can be amputated, instead of what possibly may be saved ; who 
seeks to dispatch a case suddenly, by giving it a positive charac¬ 
ter, rather than by patient waiting to aid nature in its restora¬ 
tion. That the army is a place to learn surgery, has been an 
opinion very generally received; that it has been learned at the 
expense of many a poor soldier, whose limbs might have been 
saved, may as truthfully be added. 

The events which within the last year have plunged our nation 
into the evils of a civil war, are calculated to develop a new era 
in the history of military surgery, and install the military sur¬ 
geon with new dignities and more humane duties. His chief 
duties are no longer those of the mechanical or skilful operator, 
but they are extended to the protection and almost parental care 
of the soldiery. 

The principles of hygiene and sanitary science are now un- 


4 


folded, and thrown as a protection around the army to insure it 
against the diseases of the camp, which have ever proved more 
fatal in the march of armies than the bullets and shells of the 
enemy. We need only to cite the instances of sickness and mor¬ 
tality in the French army at the Crimea, as reported by Dr. G. 
Scrive, the Surgeon General of the army. That war lasted for 
twenty-four months, summer and winter, without any intermis¬ 
sion. The entire number of French troops that were sont to the 
East amounted to 309,268 men. Of this number, 200,000 were 
received in ambulances and hospitals, for medical aid,. 50,000 
for wounds, and 150,000 for diseases of various kinds. The 
total mortality was 69,229 ; or 22J per cent. 16,325 of these 
died of wounds, and about 53,000 from diseases. Thus, those 
by diseases, it will be seen, are more than three times the num¬ 
ber of those destroyed by wounds. There were of ordinary 
wounds, 2,185 ; gunshot wounds, 22,891 ; frost-bitten, 3,472; 
typhus fever, 3,840; cholera, 8,196; scurvy, 17,576; feverish, 
63,124 ; venereal, 241 ; itch, 124. There was a great mortality 
from scurvy and frost bites. Of the 25,076 cases of ordinary 
and gunshot wounds, it will be observed that there was the im¬ 
mense mortality of about seventy-five per cent., notwithstanding 
all that skillful surgery could do to avert such melancholy results. 
Many of these cases terminated doubtless as the sequels of ope¬ 
rations, by traumatic fever, hemorrhage, excessive suppuration, 
spasms, erysipelas, gangrene, pyemia and tetanus. Pyemia at 
the Crimea was one of the chief sources of danger after opera¬ 
tions. How many of that 16,325 might have been saved by a 
more conservative surgery, and thus avoiding the sequelse of ope¬ 
rations as dangerous as the wounds themselves, is a problem per¬ 
haps not easily calculated. But might not an increased vigilance 
in the sanitary and hygienic regulations have averted the pneu¬ 
monia, and the typhus and the fevers, by which the fearful num¬ 
ber of 150,000 troops were prostrated in a period of tw r o years, 
and of which 53,000 died-—a mortality of 33| per cent; and 
doubtless the lives of many others were shortened by exposure 
and disease that developed with fatal results after the termina¬ 
tion of the war. This comparison is not instituted for the pur¬ 
pose of deprecating skillful surgery. We award to it the relief 
it brings, and the grand results it achieves. 

In the hands of the conservative surgeon neither the officer or 
those of his command have anything to fear. In the hands of 


5 


the bold, dashing operator, and such sometimes find their way to 
the surgical staff, there is more cause for apprehension. But the 
point intended to be illustrated by the comparison is, that if all 
cases requiring capital operations, doubtful in their results, were 
abandoned to nature, and the skill of the surgeon directed to 
the prevention of disease, by discovering and avoiding the sources 
of malaria, by careful inspection of the dress and diet, the amount 
of fatigue incurred, and the general hygienic condition of the camp 
and hospital, whereby the sickness of the 150,000 might be 
diminished and the fearful mortality of 33^ per cent, lessened, 
the strength of the army would be increased and therewith a 
saving of human life greater than that hoped for by the most 
brilliant surgical operations. This position in favor of conserva¬ 
tive surgery is elucidated and sustained by the remarks of a sur¬ 
geon in the volunteer service of great practical experience, who 
writes from a distant field of service, where he has had opportunity 
to put into practice the precepts* of military surgical authorities : 
“I conjure you,” says he, “in the august name of that humanity 
which should be identified with the title of surgeon, to guard 
young surgeons against yielding to their eagerness to cut , and 
also to counsel against primary amputations, particularly in the 
thigh where there is a large wound of the soft parts combined 
with fracture of the bone. Of the three ‘ primary’ amputations per¬ 
formed in my presence yesterday, the subjects all died, one of 
them in the very act of the operation. In each of these cases, 
with the' rules of army surgery stated by the eminent army ope¬ 
rators fresh in my mind, I silently dissented from the practice.” 
Should the dissent have been silent ? Could not the unfavorable 
prognosis have been foreseen and the operations avoided or delay¬ 
ed until they gave some slight promise of success ? 

The call for surgeons to supply the volunteer troops of the 
State of New York, has been responded to with a zeal worthy of 
a noble profession, with an enlightened and liberal patriotism 
that sheds a luster upon the escutcheon of the Empire State, and 
which has already reflected honor upon our nation, and given dis¬ 
tinction by its heroism and fidelity to our national arms. Among 
the number are some of the most accomplished surgeons in the 
country, and onef who is among the distinguished members of 
our society, to whom we point with just pride. 

* Am. Med. Times, March 29, 1862, p. 182. f Prof - Frank H. Hamilton. 


6 


It has been my object to collect from official sources the entire 
medical and surgical force from the State of New York, which 
has been engaged in this unhappy war, and to arrange it in such 
a form as to give it convenience for future historical reference to 
the whole profession and to the State. No place could be more 
appropriate for its publication than the Transactions of our 
Society. My first thought was to refer, by foot notes, to the 
many interesting articles published in the journals of the day, by 
the various members of the medical staff, but I soon found that 
such a plan would be necessarily incomplete on account of the 
limited number of medical periodicals that might come under my 
own eye, and it was accordingly reluctantly abandoned. 

No ordinary interest would now be attached to a full account 
of the surgeons of the Revolution and a history of their opera¬ 
tions, or to those which our State furnished in the war of 1812. 
Whatever either accomplished, their names and labors find no re¬ 
cord on the page of history. 

In the number who compose the medical staff of the State of 
New York, I do not include those citizens of this State who were 
already in the regular army or navy service when the war began, 
or those engaged in the three month militia service, but 

1st. Those who were examined by the Naval Board after the 
commencement of the war. 

2d. Those who were examined by the Army Board after the 
commencement of the war. 

3d. The Sanitary Commission. 

4th. Those examined by the Medical Board at Washington. 

5th. Those examined by the Medical Board at Albany. 

The sanitary commission, as is well known from their frequent 
published documents, was organized at Washington on the 13th 
of June, 1861, in accordance with a suggestion made to Mr. 
Cameron, the Secretary of War, by the acting Surgeon General, 
R. C. Wood, on the 22d of May previous. The suggestion met 
the approval of the Secretary of War and received the approba¬ 
tion of the President, Mr. Lincoln, on the 13th of June, the 
same day on which the commission was organized. Its object 
was to lessen the pressure upon the medical bureau in view of so 
large an army, and to direct the “ intelligent mind of the coun¬ 
try to practical results connected with the comforts of the soldier 
by preventive and sanitary means.” It includes in its range all 
that refers to the health, comfort and morale of the troops; by 


V 


seeing how far a volunteer force may be speedily brought to con¬ 
form to the standard regulations of the regular army; by making 
scientific inquiry into all that relates to camp grounds, clothing, 
tents, cooks, cooking and diet; by exercising precaution against 
excess of heat and cold; by guarding against the influences of 
malaria and infection; by providing early and ample comforts 
for the sick and wounded, by general attention to military hos¬ 
pitals ; these investigations to be guided by the highest medical 
and military experience and foresight. 

The commission have labored diligently and achieved much 
towards carrying out their original designs. They have appointed 
a large number of associate members* in all the loyal states to 
co-operate with them in their benevolent and patriotic measures ; 
and already more than forty documents, some of them written 
with marked ability, have been published under their authority. 

The record of brigade surgeons, which was obtained from the 
Surgeon General's department in Washington, shows that of the 
twenty-two who were examined by the medical board in Wash¬ 
ington, six had already been examined in Albany, and appointed 
to the charge of regiments. 

The examining board at Albany, was organized on the 19th 
April, 1861, by His Excellency, Governor Morgan, upon the sug¬ 
gestion of Surgeon General Vanderpoel. The board consisted of 
Drs. Alden March, Thomas Hun, and Mason F. Cogswell, gen¬ 
tlemen well known for their high toned professional accomplish¬ 
ments, their sterling integrity, and their earnest patriotism. Up 
to the 10th December, the board had examined 468 applicants, 
228 of whom were accepted as qualified to act as surgeons, and 
137 as assistant surgeons. 

The plan of the examination was by a series of printed ques¬ 
tions that were placed before the applicant, answers to which he 
was required to write within a given time, as concisely and com¬ 
pletely as possible, without consulting books or persons. The 
topics embrace anatomy, surgery, chemistry, theory and practice 
of medicine, and therapeutics. 

The answers were carefully examined together with testimo¬ 
nials of character and skill, and in view of the same the grade of 
the applicant was determined. This board remark in its report 
to the Surgeon General, that “It is believed the list embraces a 


List of members; Sanitary Document No. 34; Dec, 7, 1861, 


8 


body of men possessing that character, education, practical skill 
and experience which all so earnestly desire, may be secured in 
behalf of the health and the lives of our volunteer forces.” 

The inquiry has been so often repeated as to the character of 
these examinations that I make no apology for appending a copy 
of the series of questions. They may be found also in the report 
of Surgeon Genera] Yanderpoel, to the Governor and Comman¬ 
der-in-chief of our State forces, and are as follows 

Copy of questions submitted Applicants by Examining Board. 

First series. 

Each candidate will, without reference to books, furnish writ¬ 
ten answers to as many of the following questions as the alloted 
time will allow. The answers should be concise, and at the 
same time as complete as possible. 

Each answer should be numbered to correspond with the num¬ 
ber of the question. 

The paper containing the answers is to be signed, and, to¬ 
gether with this sheet, inclosed in a sealed envelope, on the back 
of which the name and address of the candidate are also to be 
written. 

1. Describe the course and relative position of the femoral 
artery ; also the operation of ligature of the femoral artery. 

2. Answer the same questions in regard to the brachial artery. 

3. Give the names, situation and distribution of the principal 
nerves of the upper extremity. 

4. Describe the operation of amputation of the thigh. Describe 
the operation of amputation of the leg. Describe the operation 
of amputation of the forearm. 

5. Describe the dressing and subsequent treatment, and the 
accidents which may follow these operations. 

6. Give the diagnostic signs of compression and concussion of 
the brain, and the general treatment applicable to each. 

7. Describe the accidents accompanying incised wounds, and 
the treatment. 

8. Describe the characters and treatment of lacerated wounds. 

9. Give the characters and accidents peculiar to gunshot 
wounds, and the general treatment. 

10. What are the rules for amputation in cases of gangrene ? 

11. Under what circumstances is traumatic erysipelas liable 
to come on, and how it is to be prevented and treated ? 

12. What are the symptoms of shock or collapse, following 
severe injuries ? Give the treatment of this condition. 

13. Give the hygienic and medical treatment of dysentery 
occurring in camp life. 

♦Assembly Doc. No. 12, 1862. 


9 


14. What are the constitutional disturbances caused by burns ? 
Give the general and local treatment. 

15. Give the chemical composition, medical uses and mode of 
administration of the following substances ; calomel, corrosive 
sublimate, iodide of potassium, epsom salts, sulphate of copper, 
lunar caustic. 


Copy of questions, second series. 

1. Describe the different dislocations of the os humeri—the 
diagnostic signs of each, and the mode of reduction in each 
case. 

2. Answer the same questions in regard to the dislocations of 
the hip joint. 

3. Describe the course and relative position of the arteries of 
the forearm and hand. 

4. Describe the operation of ligature of the anterior tibial 
artery. Describe the operation of ligature of the radial artery. 
Describe the operation of ligature of the external iliac. 

5. Describe the operation for strangulated inguinal hernia, 
dressing and subsequent treatment. 

6. Give the most important means of arresting hemorrhage 
from incised wounds \ also from punctured wounds. 

7. Give diagnostic signs and treatment of fracture of the lower 
portion of the radius ; also of the lower portion of the fibula. 

8. Give the symptoms of scurvy, its causes, mode of preven¬ 
tion and treatment. 

9. Give the symptoms and physical signs of the different stages 
of pneumonia. 

10. Describe the danger of penetrating wounds of the thorax; 
the symptoms of wounds of the lung; and the general manage¬ 
ment of such accidents. 

11. Give the general character and treatment of gunshot 
wounds. 

12. Give the treatment of wounds of the intestines. 

13. What is meant by pycemia ? Under what circumstances 
does it occur ? How is it to be recognized and treated ? 

14. Give the medicinal properties, modes of administration 
and doses of the following substances : aloes, jalap, calomel, 
opium, tartarized antimony, sulphate of zinc. 

Copy of questions, third series. 

1. Describe the symptoms and course of typhoid fever, its 
anatomical lesions and treatment. 

2. Give the causes, symptoms and treatment of bilious remit¬ 
tent fever ; also of intermittent fever. 

3 


10 


3. Give the symptoms, physical, signs and anatomical lesions 
of pericarditis. 

4. Give the symptoms of hectic fever, the circumstances under 
which it occurs, and its treatment. 

5. Describe phlebitis, its causes and its consequences. 

6. Describe the causes and consequences of varicose veins of 
the leg, and the mode of management. 

7. Describe some of the principal acute inflammations of the 
eye; explain the tissues involved, and give the treatment. 

8. Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary forms of 
syphilis, the diagnosis and treatment. 

9. Describe the dangers and general mode of treatment of 
fractures, simple, compound and comminuted. 

10. Describe the apparatus necessary for dressing a fracture 
of the femur, and its mode of application. 

11. Answer the same question in regard to fracture of the 
tibia. 

12. Give the rules for applying ligatures to large arteries, and 
the subsequent treatment. 

13. Describe the course and situation of the large arteries and 
veins of the neck. 

14. Give the symptoms and physical signs of phthisis pulmo- 
nalis in its early stages. 

15. Give the medicinal uses, the doses and mode of adminis¬ 
tration of the following substances: digitalis, extract of bella¬ 
donna, nitrate of potash, tartar emetic, chloroform, cod liver 
oil. 


Copy of questions, fourth series . 

1. Describe the origin, position and distribution of the sciatic 
nerve. 

2. Describe the origin, course and general distribution of the 
fifth pair of cranial nerves. 

3. Describe the ligaments of the hip joint. 

4. Describe the origin and course of the right and left primi¬ 
tive carotid arteries. 

5. Enumerate and describe the membranes of the brain. 

6. Under what circumstances is the operation of trepanning 
necessary ? Describe the operation and subsequent treatment. 

7. Describe the operation of ligature of the femoral artery, 
the subsequent treatment and the accidents which may follow 
the operation. 

8. Give the causes and treatment of fistula in ano. 

9. Give the diagnostic signs, prognosis and treatment of frac¬ 
ture of the femur within the capsular ligament. 

10. Describe the operation of amputation of the thigh, the 
dressing and subsequent treatment. 


11 


11. Describe the accidents which may follow amputation. 

12. Give the symptoms, course and anatomical lesions of 
typhoid fever. 

13. Give the symptoms, physical signs and modes of termina¬ 
tion of acute and chronic pleurisy. 

14. Describe the organic lesions which give rise to dropsical 
effusions. 

15. Give an account of the principal constituents of the blood. 

16. Give the medicinal uses and modes of administration of 
the following substances : nitrate of silver, senna, sulphate of 
magnesia, colchicum, digitalis, opium, hyoscyamus, corrosive 
sublimate. 

Copy of questions, fifth series. 

1. Give the commencement, course, termination and relations 
of the jugular veins. 

2. Give the diagnostic symptoms of paralysis of the facial 
nerve. 

3. Describe the operation of excision of the knee joint, and 
also of the elbow joint, and state in what cases these operations 
should be preferred to amputation. 

4. In cases which admit of a choice, which method is to be 
preferred in amputation of the foot ? Describe the operation. 

5. Give the diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the 
clavicle. 

6. Give the differential diagnosis between hernia and varico¬ 
cele, and describe the operation for the radical cure of the latter. 

7. Give the causes and treatment of hemoptysis. 

8. Give the causes and treatment of retention of urine, and 
describe the method of introducing the catheter. 

9. Give the symptoms, cause and treatment of acute rheuma¬ 
tism and its complications. 

10. Give the symptoms and treatment of diphtheria and its 
sequel se. 

11. Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary forms of 
syphilis, the diagnosis and treatment. 

12. Give the tests for albumen, and also for sugar in the urine. 

13. Write out in full a prescription for a purgative pill, a diu 
retie mixture, and a cough mixture. 

In presenting the list of surgeons of the volunteer force which 
I have arranged in a tabular form, I take pleasure in acknowledg¬ 
ing my indebtedness to Surgeon General Vanderpoel, for afford¬ 
ing me every facility in its preparation, by allowing me free 
access to his official records, nor can I here forbear to speak of the 
very able and faithful manner in which the arduous and respon- 


12 


sible duties of his office have been performed. Surgeon General 
VanderpoePs early and persistent measures for the re vaccination 
of the troops, (and his returns show the only statistics of revac¬ 
cination in the present army,*) his energy in establishing hospi¬ 
tals at the general depots, his constant attention and watchful¬ 
ness for the general health of the troops, his efforts to supply effi¬ 
cient surgeons to the various regiments, together with the minor 
duties, have been executed with indefatigable energy, and with 
an ability and patriotism that reflect credit not only upon our 
profession but on the State of New York. 

♦See Sanitary Commission Document E, page 26. 


13 


The Naval Medical Board , which convened in the early summer of 
1861 , and was dissolved by an order of the Secretary of the Navy , 
on the 21th of January , 1862 , its duties being completed , ac¬ 
cepted the following candidates: 


NAMES. 

Age. 

Where graduated. 

Adams, Newton H. 


Albany Medical College. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

Buffalo University. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
University of New York. 

University of New York. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
University of New York. 

Geneva Medical College. 

Harvard University. 

University of New York. 

University of Michigan. 

University of New York. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

Buffalo University. 

McGill College, Montreal. 

Allingham, James J. 


Brown, Wm. Mann..... 


Brush, George R.. 


Clarke, Stephen H. 


Covell, Cha.rlos E *. 


Carter. Charles... 


Chalmers, William... 


Gunning, J. Henry. 


Hall. Watson C. 


Lewis, F. B. A. 


Murphy, John D... 


Plant, William S. 


Tevey, Wm. F . 


Smithy Heber.. 


pt.nrm } George D- , ,... 


7Ar\7.in } Le^is ... 





Note. —Sixteen of fifty-nine were from the State of New York. 

* Charles E. Covell was horn in Hartford, Washington Co., New York, in 1837. He was a 
student of Dr. J. Swinburne, in Albany, and was graduated in medicine at the University of 
New York in 1860. He became resident physician to the Children’s Hospital, and subse¬ 
quently became an interne at Bellevue Hospital, where, by his intelligence and fidelity, ho 
gained warm friends. On the breaking out of the present war, he determined to enter the 
naval service, and was accordingly examined June 14th, 1861, before the Naval Board. Ho 
at once received orders, and sailed on the “ City op New York” on the 7th July for Pen¬ 
sacola. On the 22d July he was transferred by the United States flag ship Mississippi to 
the U. S. Frigate Colorado, where he entered his duties as the assistant of Dr. Horer, the 
Surgeon of the fleet. He was in a few days seized with dysentery, of which he died on the 
7th day of August, 1861. A few hours before he died, he penned a beautiful and affection¬ 
ate letter to his mother, telling her of the fate he was in a few hours to meet, and of God’s 
grace, which was sustaining him as the fatal hour approached. Thus was suddenly termi¬ 
nated a life full of professional zeal and promise. It was given to the cause of Liberty. 
Thus were crushed a mother’s hopes in her only son. Such is the price of Liberty. 

S. D. W. 



























14 


The following gentlemen were candidates for the Medical Corps of 
the United States Army, from the State of New York, who were 
examined and approved by the Army Medical Board, convened in 
New York, May, 1861. 


NAME. 


Age. 


Where graduated. 


Year. 


Bell, John. 

Gray, Charles C.*. 

Gourley, John W. S. 

Goddard, Charles E.. 

Dunster, Edward Swift. 

Horton, Samuel M. 

Howard, Benjamin. 

Pooley, James H. 

Sprague, HavilahM.... 

Spencer, William C. . ... 

Steinberg, George M.... 

Temple, Joseph E...... 

White, Charles B. 

Weir, Robert Pulton. 

Winne, Charles K...... 

Beardsley, Grove S.f. 


29 

23 

29 

23 

27 

23 

25 

23 

27 

23 

23 


University of Pennsylvania. 

Hobart College, Geneva. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

New York Medical College. 

Jefferson Medical College. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

University Medical College, N. Y. 

Jefferson Medical College. 

do do do . 


1854 

1860 

1858 

1859 
1859 
1861 

1859 

1860 
1861 
1860 


29 

24 

23 

23 

23 


Jefferson Medical College. 

University Medical College, N. Y. 
College of Physicians and Surgeons 

Jefferson Medical College. 

Univerity of New York. 


1853 

1859 

1859 

1859 

1859 


* “Would not leave his wounded.” Prisoner at Bull Run and still unexchanged, June 5, 
1862. 


f Subsequently passed the Naval Board, and declined an appointment in the army. 


The Sanitary Commission consists of the following gentlemen: 

Rev. Henry Bellows, D. D., President, New York. 

Prof. A. D» Bache, M. D., Vice President, Philadelphia. 

Elisha Harris, Corresponding Secretary, New York City. 
George W. Cullum, U. S. Army. 

Alexander E. Shiras, U. S. Army. 

Robert C. Wood, M. D., U. S. Army. 

William H. Yan Buren, M. D., New York. 

Wolcott Gibbs, M. D., New York. 

Cornelius R. Agnew, M. D., New York. 

J. S. Newbury, M. D. 

George T. Strong. 

Subsequently added as commissioners under the authority of 
Secretary of War. 

Frederick Law Olmstead. 

Samuel G. Howe, M. D. 

Horace Binney, Jr. 

Rt. Rev. Thomas M. Clark, D. D., of Rhode Island. 












































15 


Frederick Law Olmstead was appointed General Secretary at 
Washington. 

J. Foster Jenkins, M. D., of Yonkers, New York, Secretary for 
the Army of the Potomac. 

J. H. Douglas, M. D., of New York City, Secretary for the 
divisions under Generals Banks, Dix and Wool. 

J. S. Newbury, M. D., Secretary for the western armies. 

Franklin B. Hough, M. D., of New York, Secretary for the 
Army of the Potomac. 

c 


16 


/ 


Surgeons who have been appointed to the charge of Brigades from 
the State of New York , and who were examined by the Medical 
Board in Washington. 


NAMES. 

Age. 

Where assigned. 

A v:pell, Thomas S - .. 


General Wool’s Division. 

General Hunter, Missouri. 

General Dix’s Division, Baltimore. 

General Anderson, Kentucky. 

General Landers. 

+ Ronteenn, Reed R.*.... .... .. 


Rrown, R.nfns TC. .. 


Rnrr, Oeorge .. 


nhfvmhfirlairi, M. W . 


Church, W. H. 


"Dalton, .Tohn C., Jr ... 


TTn.miltnn, Era.nk H-*. .. 


Tfowitt, Henry S. 


Hoff, Alexander H.* . 


Lidell, .John A. 


TVTeMilla.n, Charles.. 


Mosfily, Na.t.ha.niel R..*... 


MeNnlty, .Tohn*.. 


Oliver, George TT.*. 


Otterson, William C.-.. 


Speneer, T. R.nsh*. . 


Strew, Willia.m W. 

* 

Sn ekl ey, (T-eorce. 


Thompson, .T. Harry*. 


Thurston, A. Henry. 





* Previously examined by the Medical Board at Albany, and appointed to the charge of 
regiments. 

t In charge of General Hospital at Fortress Monroe, Va. 


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33 


As these pages are going through the press I gain the oppor¬ 
tunity to add, that when in the month of April a great battle was 
anticipated at Yorktown, Virginia, where General McClellan was 
besieging the Confederate army, it was found that the medical 
and surgical force of the army was insufficient to meet the 
demands that such an engagement was likely to impose upon it. 
In order, therefore, to give immediate care to the wounded, under 
the authority of the Secretary of War, the governors of the 
several loyal States were directed to appoint a corps of volun¬ 
teer surgeons, who should respond to the call of the Governor 
and serve without remuneration. The following appointments 
have been made by the Governor of the State of New York up 
to this date, June 11, 1862. 


LIST OF VOLUNTEER SURGEONS APPOINTED. 


Name. 

Residence. 

Date of 



Commission. 

James R. Wood __. 

. _ New York city. 

April 7 

Alfred C. Post.. 

do . 

do 

Ernest Krackowizer _ _ 

do __ _. 

do 

Stephen Smith _ . 

do .. 

do 

Charles D. Smith. 

do . 

do 

Georsre A. Peters_ 

do . 

do 

John 0. Stone_ 

do . 

do 

Thaddeus M. Halstead_ 

do ...__ 

do 

Willard Parker_ 

do . 

do 

Gurdon Buck 

do .. 

do 

Lothar Voss 

do .. 

do 

Thomas M. Markoe_. _ 

do .. 

do 

Alden March.. 

_, Albany .. 

do 

John Swinburne 

do .. 

do 

Edward H. Parker. 

__ Poughkeepsie_..._ 

do 

Charles Winne . .. 

_. Buffalo. 

do 

William Detmold_ 

. _ New York city .. 

do 

Mason F. Cogswell_ 

_. Albany. 

April 16 

Samuel G. Wolcott. 

Utica. 

do 

Sanford B. Hunt. 

_ _ Buffalo___ 

do 

Lewis Post__ 

__ Lodi, Seneca Co.. 

do 

Jonathan Kneeland- 

_ _ South Onondaga. 

April 17 

John J. Crane. 

.. New York city .. 

do 

George Cochrane . 

. _ Brooklyn. 

do 

E. W. Alba. 

_ _ Angelica, Allegany Co- 

April 16 

Gilson A. Dayton.. 

__ Mexico, Oswego Co. 

April 17 

S. Oakley Vanderpoel — 

_ _ Albany . 

do 

Daniel E. Kissam. 

Brooklyn. 

April 17 


5 

























































34 


Names. 

Cornelius Olcott_ 

Daniel Ayres. 

David L. Rogers. 

William H. Thompson 

Charles Skinner.. 

F. Burdick. 

Smith Ely_ 

James V. Kendall_ 

John V. Lansing. 

Sylvester D. Willard. 
William S. Denniston 
Benjamin E. Bushnell 

W. Blaisdell. 

Charles H. Porter_ 


Residence. Date of 

Commission. 

Brooklyn.April 17 

do . do 

New York city. do 

do . do 

Malone, Franklin Co.April 19 

Johnstown, Fulton Co.___ May 15 

Newburgh... do 

Baldwinsville.. May 16 

Albany . May 19 

do . do 

Newburgh. June 9 

Little Falls .. June 1 

Coeymans.. 12 

Albany... 


FORTRESS MONROE AND WHITE HOUSE HOSPITAL. 

Yorktown was evacuated on the 4th of May, and the battle at 
Williamsburg was fought on the 5th and 6th instant. 

Dr. John Swinburne of this city, and myself left under the direc¬ 
tion of the Surgeon General for Fortress Monroe, on the 8th inst., 
with orders to report to the medical director, Dr. J. M. Cuyler. 
We rounded Old Point Comfort after a delightful sail down the 
Chesapeake, on Saturday morning the 10th inst. Here everything 
began to have the aspects of war. A large number of vessels of 
war and transports were lying off the Point. The guns from 
every point frowned from the massive walls of the Fortress. The 
rebel flag could be seen at Sewall’s Point, and beyond nearly as 
far as the eye could reach lay the terror to our fleet, the iron clad 
Merrimac. The Monitor, its antagonist, lay at a little distance 
from the landing, and would scarcely have gained attention 
except as she was pointed out to us. On reaching the shore we 
were escorted to the office of the Provost Marshal, where, although 
we were both opposed to swearing generally, we swore allegiance 
to our country with unquestionable earnestness. 

Immediately we went to report to Dr. Cuyler, whom we found 
in a ward of the hospital. He gave us a cordial reception, say¬ 
ing: “You are just the men we want to see, take off your coats 
and go directly to work here.” A large room full of wounded 
men were before us. Three hundred had arrived the evening 
previous, by boat, from Williamsburg, where they were wounded 
on the day of the battle, and had received only field dressing. 
They had been brought a mile or two to the boat, some of them 




























35 


having lain on the field over night, then removed from the boat, 
and brought to the hospital. Thus, it was four days since some 
of the wounds had been dressed, and the patients were suffering 
from exhaustion As soon as we could procure sponges, basins, 
water, lint, bandages, straps, &c., we went to work, and hard 
work it was tp bend for hours over the beds of those poor fellows. 
There were many cases of field amputations, and most of them 
were good operations. There was, however, a tendency to gan¬ 
grene, and some of the wounds became fatally gangrenous. 
There were gunshot wounds of almost every variety, a record of 
which would be interesting, but there was no time for mak¬ 
ing it. Many of the patients in the ward assigned to Dr. Swin¬ 
burne and myself were of the Fifth North Carolina and a Vir¬ 
ginia regiment, together with Massachusetts, New York and 
Michigan regiments. In the wards of the hospital they lay side 
by side, as amiable towards each other as if they had never been 
combatants, receiving alike all that care and skill could bestow. 
There were in our ward seven fractured femurs, occasioned by 
bullets. The minie ball shatters the femur fearfully, breaking it 
into splinters of from one to six inches in length, the results of 
which are likely to prove fatal. These cases ought to be brought 
off from the field and to the hospital on stretchers, with simple 
extension to keep the limb straight. Felt splints and bandages, 
when applied, become tightened by the swelling of the limb, and 
when the dressings are deferred for two or three days, they are 
exceedingly painful and productive of great mischief. We had 
arrived at the hospital at a favorable time for hard work, and 
we strove to perform it in behalf of our patients, in justice to our 
profession, and to the State of New York, which we represented. 
The surgeon in charge of the general hospital was our friend Dr. 
Reed B. Bontecou, Brigade Surgeon in General Wool's Division, 
formerly of Troy, to whom we were indebted for hospitality and 
for many kind attentions. The hospital was a part of the Hygeia 
Hotel, formerly a fashionable Southern resort, a sort of South¬ 
ern Saratoga, built to accommodate twelve hundred guests, where 
the gay and the happy resorted, to breathe the invigorating air 
from the ocean. It was a sad thought, that where only cheerful 
voices once mingled, the groans of the wounded and the dying 
now burdened the air. The roses in the court-yard which once 
emitted sweet perfume, now seemed sickly, unattractive, and 
exhaling only the odor of pus and suppurating wounds. There 


36 


were said to be at the Hygeia about five hundred patients. It 
was the nearest hospital to the landing, and consequently many 
of the worst cases were taken off here. After working almost 
without intermission on Saturday, Sunday and Monday, we found 
two platform car loads of wounded just arrived. They were 
laid on the piazza and in the yard, in the rear of the hotel, where 
their wounds were dressed. Every place seemed covered. They 
were immediately sent on a transport North. 

The capital operations that occurred during our stay were four 
cases of resection of the shoulder joint, three amputations of the 
thigh, one amputation by disarticulation at the knee joint, 
two cases of resection at the elbow, and ten cases of exsection 
of the femur, eight of which were performed by Dr. Bontecou, 
and two by Dr. Swinburne. Dr. Bontecou is a graceful and accom¬ 
plished operator, and must be ranked among the first American 
surgeons. The result of many of the cases of exsection of the 
femur were unsuccessful, though not under circumstances that 
ought to weigh against the operation entirely. The muscles in 
these cases were greatly torn, and destroyed by the force of the 
balls; the patients were already exhausted, and the air of the 
over-crowded wards had become so pus poisoned, that a well man 
could scarcely have lived a week in them, and it necessitated the 
vacating of some of them entirely. This was the case of the 
Beading Room ward of which we had the charge. There were 
at this hospital, as assistants to Dr. Bontecou, Dr. Van Steen- 
berg, of the First regiment, and Dr. Forshee, of the Eleventh 
regiment; Brigade Surgeon Shipman, and Dr. Light. One mile 
west was the Mill Creek Hospital, a large government storehouse, 
with about three hundred beds, all of which were occupied, under 
the charge of Brigade Surgeon Hunt. Here Dr. McLean, of the 
New York Second, and Dr. Whiton, assistant, were stationed. 
Drs. Brinsmade, of Troy; Alden and Henry March; Lente,* of 
Cold Spring, and others, were doing volunteer service at this 
hospital. One mile still further west was the Chesapeake Hospi¬ 
tal, a large building formerly known as the Chesapeake Female 
Seminary. It was under the charge of Dr. McCay, Brigade 
Surgeon. Drs. Edward H. Parker, Stephen Smith, Husted, 
and A. C. Post were on service there. I saw Dr. Post apply 
a ligature to the primitive carotid. He mentions the operation 
in a letter to the American Medical Times, of June 7. In this 

* See description of Dr. Lente, Am. Med. Times, June 14. 


37 


establishment there were said to be seven hundred beds, makin 
fifteen hundred wounded and sick at Old Point Comfort. There 
were many sad, sad scenes in the hospitals. Among the faithful 
laborers at the Hygeia was the Chaplain of the United States 
ship Chesapeake, and Mr. Barcley, a Christian philanthropist from 
Philadelphia, who was unremitting in his attentions to the sick, 
procuring for them all that money could purchase, and encourag¬ 
ing them by words and acts of kindness. 

Drs. Cogswell and Lansing of Albany arrived at Fortress Mon¬ 
roe on Saturday the 17th, when we all received orders from Dr. 
Cuyler to report to Dr. Tripler, the medical director of the Army 
of the Potomac, at its headquarters. We reached Yorktown on 
Saturday evening, and for want of a pilot remained there until 
morning, having time to make a hurried survey of the place, but 
not to visit the hospitals, which were under the charge of Dr. 
Greenleaf. There were fifteen hundred sick in the hospitals at 
Yorktown. 

It was a delightful sail up the Pamunkey river. There was a 
stillness becoming the Sabbath morning, the clouds were so beau¬ 
tifully reflected in the river that one might question whether he 
was sailing through the sky or the water. On the banks of the 
river all was quiet, and except in few places where “ contrabands ” 
gathered about their cabins, they appeared deserted. At West 
Point we had taken on board a “secesh” pilot, without any special 
guarantee that our steamer would be safe in his hands. We 
passed safely the vessels that had been sunk in the river to 
obstruct navigation, and a little past meridian approached Cum¬ 
berland, where we found the rear of the army. White House, 
which is the head of navigation on the Pamunkey river, was 
several miles beyond, and to this place the river was literally 
crowded with steamers and transports of every description. It 
is estimated that there could not have been less than ten thou¬ 
sand vessels, steamers and transports. General McClellan and 
the advance of the army were at this place. One can only be 
impressed with the magnitude of an army by actually seeing it 
and being in its commotion. We found our way to the medical 
director’s whose tent was near General McClellan’s, and pre¬ 
sented our credentials, with the assurance that we were ready for 
any service. After a little hesitation we were informed that he 
had nothing for us to do, and the order for our transportation to 


38 


Fortress Monroe was accordingly furnished. We spent the after¬ 
noon on the field, meeting at almost every point some familiar 
face. The evening dress parade of the army excited our admira¬ 
tion as the air echoed with the music of a hundred bands. As 
far as the eye could reach the field was covered with men, and 
tents, horses, mules, and army wagons. Towards evening the 
army received orders to move forward at 4 o’clock the next 
(Monday, May 19,) morning. When we arrived at the steamer 
in the evening, preparatory to our return, we found a message 
from Dr. Tripler, requesting us to report to him the next morn¬ 
ing at seven o’clock. This we did. He informed us that he had 
determined to organize a field hospital at that place, and to send 
back the sick and disabled of the army there for treatment. He 
requested us to establish this hospital, of which Brigade Surgeon 
J. H. Baxter was to remain as director. About three hundred 
sick had been left on the ground. The hospital was to be com¬ 
posed of one hundred tents erected in double line on an oblong 
square, to accommodate twelve hundred patients or twelve in 
each tent. Two companies from the New York 93d and one from 
the 106th Pennsylvania were detailed for the labor under our 
supervision. There was a delay in obtaining spades and axes; 
nothing could be done without them. It began to rain early in 
the afternoon, and the sick men were picked from the road side as 
fast as tents were erected to shelter them, others gathered under 
the trees until tents were ready. Night came and there was nei¬ 
ther straw or any food. These poor sick and tired fellows laid down 
on the ground like brave men, without straw or food, and without 
a word of complaint. On Tuesday ambulances arrived with the 
sick faster than we were able to dispose of them. The straw 
that we obtained was wet and musty. There was yet no means 
for getting water, or beef, or kettles, or wood, and the thousand 
other things that pertained to the necessities of a hospital, and 
when night came again we all laid down on the ground in our 
tents, tired and hungry, and full of sympathy for the sufferings 
we could not relieve. On Wednesday the army supplies began to 
come in. The sanitary commission arrived and furnished us with 
beef, straw, beds, pillows, shirts and towels; while camp kettles, 
medical stores, coffee, rice and sugar were furnished from the army 
department. An arrangement was made for the transportation 
of wood and water; system and comfort began to come out of 
confusion and want. To Dr. Cogswell was assigned the laborious 


39 


duties of the office, and the superintendence of the hospital 
records, while to Drs. Swinburne, Lansing and myself, of Albany, 
Drs. Page and Hall, of Boston, was entrusted the reception and 
the treatment of the patients. 

On Thursday a tremendous rain flooded the ground and some 
of the tents, so that many of the sick lay in the water. This 
was bad enough, but the men were brave and uncomplaining. 
Hay was brought after the rain, to raise them above the wet, and 
the surgeons waded through mud nearly to the top of their boots 
to see that the hay was well distributed, and to look after the sick. 
Immediate measures were then taken to floor the tents with 
plank, six inches above the ground, and to increase the drains 
around them. The Sanitary Commission did excellent service, 
and provided for the immediate wants of the sick, before the 
government resources could be obtained. They had the steamers 
Spaulding, Elm City and Daniel Webster, on which they received 
about four or five hundred of the most severe cases from the hos¬ 
pital during the first week. There were received at this field hos-* 
pital during the first week about seventeen hundred patients. 
Many of them suffered in their re-transportation from the hospital 
to the steamers, and doubtless the mortality was increased by the 
removal of exhausted fever patients. When the wagons and 
ambulances reached the hospital at night, there was no alterna¬ 
tive but to leave the patients in them until morning before beds 
could be provided for them. Perhaps many convalesced by the 
time they reached New York who would have been ready to join 
their regiments had they remained. Dr. Kneeland arrived during 
the week and labored hard and acceptably in hurrying the pre¬ 
paration of provisions for the patients. The culinary depart¬ 
ment was crude, and needed constant surveillance to make it run 
well. The patients necessarily suffered for food for the first few 
days. But the mortality was not large. During the first week 
there were only four deaths at the hospital, out of the seventeen 
hundred. Eight occurred on board the sanitary vessels, possibly 
some of these might have been avoided if their removal could 
have been prevented. I have not the statistics of sickness of the 
whole hospital, but those of two hundred and thirty-four patients 
for which I prescribed in the morning of May 24th, from which 
my report was furnished, they may be taken nearly as an index 
to the whole, and are as follows: 


40 


Two Hundred and Thirty-four Patients Visited and Prescribed for 
on the morning of the 2ith of May , were as follows. 


Debility. 94 

Fever... 45 

Diarrhoea. 49 

Rheumatism.. 16 

Dysentery. 6 

Lame and wounded. 8 

Measles. 3 

Ruptured. 3 

Parotitis.. 1 

Venereal. 1 

Pneumonia. 1 

Eruptive.. 3 

Injured sight.. 1 

Neuralgia. 1 

Spermatorrhoea. 1 

Sore throat. 1 


234 


Many of these cases would be able to return to duty in ten 
days. They were tired and exhausted; they needed rest and 
nourishment. The worst cases of fever, both remittent and 
typhoid, were sent to the vessels of the Sanitary Commission. 
Could they have been as well nourished at the hospital, they 
would have gained nothing by removal. The diarrhoeas were 
not unusally obstinate, nor the dysentery severe, and but few of 
the cases of rheumatism were acute. The stimulus and tonic 
consisted of quinine and whisky, and were essential in the 
treatment of nearly every case. Suitable nourishment for the 
sick would have frequently answered better, but that could not 
be obtained. The resources of the government were large, but 
it required several days to concentrate them for the care of so 
many hundred sick. The zeal and energy of the Sanitary Com¬ 
mission, their timely aid<*at this hospital, the heart with which 
they came to the work, the willingness of their medical corps, 
rise above the praise which words can express. Such, in few 
words, was the organization of the hospital at Whitehouse, 
twenty-three miles from Richmond, and the part which those 




















41 


who represented the State of New York bore in it. It was a 
great labor, and faithfully performed. 

The situation which Dr. Tripler chose for the location of the 
hospital, on low spongy ground, has been severely criticised, and 
the conduct of General McClellan as severely censured for guard¬ 
ing the house of the rebel Colonel Lee (because it was the place 
where Washington first met his wife, Mrs. Custis,) instead of 
allowing it to be used for a hospital. I went through the house. 
It would not have contained fifty beds, and the lawn was not 
large enough for so many tents. The river was on one side of it 
and the road on the other. The miasm from the river and the 
noise from the road would have been two objections against using 
the lawn. A more desirable location might have been obtained 
on a slight elevation at a considerable distance south of Colonel 
Lee’s house, where water would have been more easily available 
from the river, and the ground more easily surface drained, but 
Colonel Lee’s house would have furnished no desirable addition 
to a hospital unless used for the headquarters of the surgeons or 
officers who might be sick. In the present case it was too far dis¬ 
tant for the former purpose. 

On Sunday the 25th of May, a delegation of twenty-four sur¬ 
geons arrived from Massachusetts, and engaged with Dr. Tripler 
for service. Twelve were retained at the White House hospital 
and twelve sent back to Yorktown. 

Circumstances obliged Dr. Cogswell and myself, though not 
without many regrets, to start on our journey homeward on the 
26th instant, while Drs. Swinburne and Lansing went on and were 
at Savage’s Station in time to receive hundreds of the wounded 
at the terrible battle of Fair Oaks, near Richmond, which occur¬ 
red a few days afterward. 

There are many physicians who have recently gone to do 
volunteer service, and the many who in various ways are con¬ 
nected with the labors of the sanitary commission, whose names 
and an account of whose services cannot at the present time be 
obtained. 

June 12, 1862. 




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